Automatic drive and clutch mechanism



Sept. 5, 1939. w. E. HAUPT AUTOIIA'IIG DRIVE AND CLUTCH MECHANISH Filed July 9, 1932 forneg Patented Sept., 5, 1939 UTOMATIC DRIVE AND CLUTCH MECHANISM William E. Haupt, Westville, N. assignor to Automatic Drive & 'Transmission Company, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New Jersey Application July 9, 1932, Serial No. 621,714

11 claims. (ci. raz- 105) The present invention relates to an improved slipping drive'and clutch mechanism for controlling the torque transmitted by a driving shaft to a driven shaft. More particularly thepresent 5 invention relates to an improved slipping drive and clutch mechanism of the self-operating or automatic type, particularly adapted for motor vehicle or similar drives.

The present invention comprises improvements l in automatic or self-operating drivel and clutch mechanisms of the type ydisclosed in copending applications, Serial No."580,172, filed December 10, 1931, which issued as United States Patent No. 1,979,880, on November 6, 1934, and in Serial l No. 488,757,1led October l5, 1930, which issued as United States Patent No. 2,003,324 on June 4, 1935. In Patent No. 1,979,880, centrifugal drive and clutch operating weight levers are disposed around the peripheryV of the clutch driving and driven plates, whicharrangement requires the use of an unnecessarily large space for reception of a, unit of suiiicient dimensions to provide a satisfactory transrniY 'on of given amounts of power. Unless the c utch parts are excessively g5 large with the arrangement of said Patent No. 1,979,880, lower percentages of,v graphite and high coefficients of friction must b used in the clutch plates, and high engaging pressures must be applied thereto, which accordingly decreases 30 smoothness and increases the temperature of operation. As increases of temperature of the clutch material decrease coeicient of friction of the novel material utilized, the parts must be sulciently large to provide effective cooling in .5 operation. In addition, in view of the application of the necessarily heavy engaging pressures at the outer periphery of the clutch plates, the plates must be made unnecessarilyheavy to resist distortion and warpage thereof under the heavy o pressures and high temperatures attending oper-Y.

ation thereof. Accordingly, while it has been found feasible to produce an operative clutchA embodying the mechanical arrangements disclosed in said Patent No. 1,979,880, within the cost, space and weight limits demanded for low cost motor vehicle clutches, considerable improvement may be eiected thereover by use of the drive and clutch mechanism disclosed in said Patent No. 2,003,324 which was developed to pro- 50 vide a more compact, low cost,light weight clutch arrangement utilizing the novel'material of said' Patent No. 1,979,880, for motorv vehicle installation, and foreiiicient utilization of the space available for automatic types of clutches in ex- 55 isting automobiles.

By providing a ,centrifugally operated weight arrangement in which the weight members extend through the web of the flywheel, operating p'essures are applied to the drive and clutch plate approximately opposite the center of the engag- 5 ing driving surface and considerable economy of space and weight is effected over that disclosed in said Patnt No. 1,979,880. A large number of said slipping drive and clutch mechanisms using a facing material with approximately 40%k graph- 10 ite in the original mixture from which the clutch is formed, have operated for long distances and have stood up under severe treatment in standard Ford and other automobiles, in combination with standard gear sets or transmissions. s l5 Ventilation of the drive and clutch mechanisms of said copending application to remove solid freed lubricant from the clutch facing and-to provide cooling for the driving and clutching parts is provided for solely by circulation of the 20 air in the clutch casing as induced by rotation ofthe drive and clutch parts, and radiation from the clutch parts, leaving the dust in the casing. The engaging pressures are also comparatively high on the clutch plates, with-the result that in ,'operation, particularly under abuse, excessive temperatures aie generated with resultant lowered coemcient-and undesirable slippage and warpage of the drive and clutch plates and undesirable `settling of lubricant and other dust Within the .casing/on the surface of the facing occurs, giving undesirable variability and lack ci uniformity in operation, which, while not suf-,-

cient to prevent practical operation, reduces the .wear and desirable operating characteristics of .combined slipping drive and clutch mechanism,

utilizing the improved. drive and clutch .facings of said application Serial No. 580,172, which 'embody forty percent to (sixty percent of 'graphite vin' thef original mixture from which they are formed, in which? the driving and clutch action is improved,r to. such an-extent, that -for vehicles, of the pleasure'car class and broader commercial types of vehicles, a transmission mechanism involving a-'single forward gear reduction may be utilized in combination therewith with entirev satisfaction, giving aclutch life greater than that secured with existing conventional manually operable clutches in combination with a three speed transmission. This is made possible due to the fact that with the improved slipping drive and clutch mechanism of the present invention, a multiplying gear ratio is needed for driving purposes in the motor vehicle only when the torque demands are higher than the m'aximum torque deliverable by the motor, as for example in starting the vehicle on a substantial grade. For normal driving purposes, the vehicle may be started with a transmission in high gear because of the special characteristics of the drive and clutch facings and plate constructions, the regulated torque delivering slippage developed, and smooth uniform application of power by my improved mechanism which permits the slippage necessary to pick up the load, but prevents slippage wlren the load is being driven at an operating speed predetermined by the clutch design.

Prior clutch mechanisms of the automatic or self-operating type, wherein manual declutching is effected by withdrawing the positive plate awayr from .the range of action of the centrifugaily operated plates, due to the comparatively heavy pressures required inclutches of this character, have the disadvantage of rapidly wearing out the throwout bearing employed therein through the rotation of said bearings and their association with the clutch parts.

Accordingly it is a primary object of the pres' ent invention to provide an improved compact eiiicient automatic or self-operating drive and vclutch mechanism especially adapted for auto motive drive purposes, but which is applicable to a wide variety of industrial power drives.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a. novel compact, ventilated, automatic' usually allotted to a clutch in an automotive vehicle, to pick up the load with a slipping drive in normal operation with the transmission in high gear, and which will drive the vehicle without any slippage thereof while the load is being driven at normal speed, whereby a highly `eiilcient low cost drive for vehicles is provided.

Another object is to provide an automatic or self-operating drive and clutch which is so designed as to pick the load up in stages whereby an extremely smooth acting ,clutch is provided.

A further object of the present invention is to provide centrifugal weightsthat will cooperate with the automatic plate in such a manner that the Yfriction involved during their operation is negligible, and the pressure exerted by them Awill be applied uniformly to the plate. u

Another object of my invention is to provide'V musas that should the driving 'and driven shafts be out of augment, or should uneven lift of the automatic plate occur, clutch operation Vwill nevertheless be smooth, and uneven wear of the clutch plates will be avoided.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel automatic plate for a clutch of this character that is so' designed that it will dissipate heat rapidly, will not distort under the most severe operating conditions, and has novel means associated therewith for keying the same to' the flywheel so that it may freely move axially for clutching and declutching operations, and yet be caused to rotate therewith.

Another object of the present invention resides in the provision of a novel manual throwout mechanism for thepositive plate, and which has associated therewith a throwout bearing assemblythat is so designed and so located that it will operate smoothly under all operating conditions and will have a long operating life.

Still further objects of the present invention will appear from the following detailed disclosure of the preferred embodiment thereof and are defined by the terms of the appended claims.

As shown in the drawing: Y

Figure 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of the automatic drive and clutch mechanism of the present invention.

Figure 2 is a rear view of the drive and clutch mechanism disclosed in Figure 1, with the housing removed therefrom, and with half of the cover plate removed and showing parts in section for more clearly illustrating. the structure involved.

Figure 3 is a fragmentary view with parts in section of certain parts of the drive and clutch mechanism illustrated in Figure 1 with the automatic weights disposed in the positions they assume when the clutch plates are fully engaged in automatic-operation, and

Figure 4 is a detail view of one of.the centrifugal weights employed in the clutch illustrated in Figure l, with parts thereof in section.

Figure 5 is a sectional detail view, taken approximately on the line 5 5 of Figure 1 as viewed when looking in the direction of the arrows.

With continued reference to the drawing, wherein like reference characters refer to like parts throughout the several views thereof, a bell housing I, having a cover or complemental housing member 2 secured thereto by bolts 3 or thelike houses the clutch mechanism and they will both be referred to hereinafter as the clutch housing.

Secured to flange 4 of engine or driving shaftV 5, by means of -bolts i or the like is the web portion 1 of flywheel 8. Flywheel I is provided on its periphery with the usual starting gear l. Flange 4 fits into a recess Il formed in flywheel 8.

Disposed in axial alignment with shaft 5 and mounted for rotation is driven shaft Il which is reduced at i2 at one end and journaled in a suitable antifriction bearing secured in the iiywheel web. Thisbearingmayrbejof any desired type, however,in'theV present instance it is `of the oilless type due to the inaccessibility thereof, and consists of a-bushing I3 heldin a retainer I4 and is made of a suitable material impregnated with graphite or other suitable lubricant. Shaft Il is'fadapted to have the other end thereof operably connected to a suitable gear changing apparatus for amplifying the torqueapplied to the iin'al driven member and is iournaled in a suitable anti-friction bearing 'assembly secured to housing member 2.

Rigidly secured to driven shaft II, by means of a pin or the like, is a disk I5, having spokes or teeth I6 formed thereon. Rotatably mounted on the outside of bushing I4 is a hub I1, which is provided with a -flange I8. A relatively thin metal disk I9, having an offset central portion enclosin 'disk member I5 is secured to flange I8 of hub I by means of rivets or the like. Disk I9 Y constitutes the driven member and is seen to be capable of axial movementupon bushing I4, as well as rotational movement thereon. At regular intervals 4around the cylindrical wall of disk I9, slits are made and bearing members 28 deflected from the body thereof. Spokes or teeth I6 of disk I5 extend through the apertures thus formed and areadapted to seat rather closely against bearing members 20 for sliding movement therewith.

From the structure so far developed it is seen that driven member I9 is mounted for axial and rotative movements upon bushing I4, and connected for rotation with driven shaft II through spokes I6 on disk I5. In'view of the fact that the distance of spokes I6 from the axis of rotationis relatively great, the pressure of bearing members 20 upon spokes I6 is relatively low, and accordingly resistance to proper sliding movement during clutching and declutching operations is therebyavoided. While hub I1 has been disclosed as being directly`journaled upon bushing I4, it is to be understood that a suitable anti-friction bearing could be employed at this p'oint if desired.

Plate I9 is provided around 'its face with a plurality of apertures I9" for apurpose vthaty will `4 presently appear. 4

Each face of disk I9 near the periphery thereof is provided with a facing 2I which may consist of any material that has the required characteristics to give the correct frictional gripping force and at the same time has wearing qualities adapt- `ing it for this purpose.

I prefer, however, to use the lubricated type of material disclosed yin said United States Patent No. 1,979,880 of Charles B. Heinrich, embodying large percentages of graphite, which in practice have gilenrveryvsatisfactory results in a clutch of this character. Frictional facings 2l may be secured to the disk I9 in any suitable manner as,

The construction of automatic plate 22 and its e ,actuating mechanism will now be described.

Plate 22 has. a strengthening rib 24 formed on the face thereof in the region of its periphery for the purpose of giving the plate rigidity and preventing distortion or warpage thereof during operation. Rib 24 is provided with a plurality of apertures 25 for the purpose of allowing ventilating air to pass therethrough in a manner presentl`y to be described. Integral, radial keys 26 are shown, which is designed for relatively heavy work, six equally spaced radial keys having driving bosses`26' formed thereon are used. The :Ily-

wheel web hprovided with radial slots 21 which slidably4 receive the keys 26. The walls of slots 21 form driving faces for engaging the bosses 26 formed on the keys and causing rotation of plate 22 therewith. Each of the keys is bored and tapped to receive a threaded holdback stud 28.

'Threaded upon the outer end of 'stud 28 is a nut member 28' having a head of substantial diameter. Seating against the head' of nut 28' are a pair of compression springs 29 and.38, constituting a holdback spring assembly.

The other end of each spring assembly 29 bears I againsta cup or like supporting member 3I which abuts the rear face of the flywheel web that serves to bridge the key slots therein. While it is not Y absolutely essential, it is preferable to provide plate 22 with as many hold back spring assemblies as there are driving keys in order that a uniform holdback pressure may be exerted upon the plate. When the holdback spring assemblies are installed in theclutch, springs 29 are placed under an initial compression, while springs 39 merely rest loosely in position for a. purpose that will presently appear.

It will be seen from the structure just developed that the holdback spring assemblies uniformly exert pressure on plate 22 and urge 4it toward the flywheel web. It is also seen that the radial keys 26 cooperating with the Walls of slots 21 formed in the flywheel web cause plate 22 to rotatewith the flywheel and yet permit free axial movement thereof.

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Plate 22 is caused to move away from the iiywheel web against the action of the holdback spring assemblies for'clutching engagement with the facings 2l of member I9 by means of a een-A trifugal mechanism that is responsive to speed variations of the ywheeiby whicrit is carried. Centrifugal weights 34 are preferably segmental in shape to t within the a'nge of the flywheel and are preferably of the sam-e number asthe holdback spring assemblies and driving keys. Each weight 34 is provided with an inclined face 35 adapted tov contact with the flywheel rim when it is -in its extreme outward position. The weights are further provided with elongated rectangular lever sections which are secured thereto by means of nuts 35', which are disposed in a recess formed in the body of the weight and are threaded upon extremities 36' of levers 36. Levers 36 extend through chordal slots 31 formed in the flywheel web whieh are-disposed between the key slots 21 and terminate short thereof. A Lever sections 36 carryat their extremities heads 38, each of which is provided with a flat -face 39 that abuts the bottom` face of an .elongated rectangular bearing recess 4I formed infautomatc plate 22. Heads 38 are also provided with faces 42 adapted to abut the surface of the nywhee1 web. the-edge of which is del signed for sliding and fulcrumingengagement therewith during-theoperation of the weights. Heads 38 also have their outer sides relieved to provide knife-like edges 43 .which are adapted to fulcrum and seatin the angle defined by the bottom and side walls of the recesses 4I.

It will therefore be seen, that as the speed of Y the flywheel increases weights r34 will gradually swing outward-about their edges 43 as a pivot in response thereto. As this occurs, faces 42 of heads 38 will abut and slide on theV flywheel web and the. edge 43, thereof will engage automatic plate 22 forcing the plate away from the web and'into clutching engagement with the facing carried by disk "I8: vIt will be noted that there 15 is very little sliding engagement 'of parts in this arrangement since the contact 'of -edge 43 vwith `plate 22 is of a knife-edge pivotal character. -The sole sliding movementisv at the edges of surfaces 42. 'I'his movement small and -little frictional resistance exists', so hat the plate 22 is accord- .inglyvgiven a smooth and easy movement and clutch grabbing is avoided.

The mechanism associated with positive plate 23 will now be described. A combined housing and reacting member 44 is secured tothe flywheel by a series of cap screws 45 threaded into the flywheel as at 45. As seen in the upper corner of Figure 1, housing member 44 is provided with a plurality of recesses 41 which align with sockets 48 formed in the rear face of positive plate 23.

, -Tension springs 48 have one end thereof ,secured 23 away from .the ywheel position.

within the sockets 48 in positive plate 23 and e other end thereof secured within aperture 4 in the reacting member 44, and are heldin their 'respective members by means of pins 5|I or the like. Springs 48 are thus seen to urge the plates web into disengaged Positive plate 23 is mounted for movement axially of shaft I I, and forrotation with housing 44 by means of` studs 5I that are tapped into the rear face of positive plate 23, and have the squared head portions thereof slidablymounted in square apertures formed in the housing 44.

Plate 23 is resiliently urged 4towai'd the ilywheel web by springs 52 and 53, acting through the medium of clutch fingers 54. Clutch fingers 54 are evenly spaced about the periphery of plate 23 and are enlarged and angularly deflected at' 55 to form fan blades. Clutch ngers 54 cooperate with a rounded angular rib 55 provided on the rear face of plate 23. and `'with a similar rib 51 formed on a ring member 58 which' is threaded into' cover 44 as at 58.' Ring member 58 may be adjusted toward and away from the positive plate'by rotating the same, and is held in adjusted position by means of a bolt 5I, which has a reduced portion v52 thereof seating in an opening 53 formed in ring member 58. Ring 58 has an annular flange 54 formed thereon which cooperates with the ends of levers 54 for preventing them froni moving outwardly under the influence of centrifugal force.

In this connection it shouldY be particularly noted that automatic plate 22, positive plate 23, and driven member I8, are all supported by the flywheel. Therefore perfect parallelism of thesemembers'- is assured at all'times, regardless of any misalignment that may exist between the flywheel and driven shaft II. If shaft II happens to be slightly olf-center with respect to flywheel 8, 'or angularly disposed `with respect thereto, no relative motion between .the clutch elements Y will occur when they are fully engaged since all the sliding that compensates for such misalignment occurs between spokes I5 and bearing members 20. It is further seen, that should automatic plate 22 lift unevenly, due to slight -inare in non-slipping engagement, insuring smooth clutch operation and long life of facings 2I.

From the structure just developed it will be seen that as the inner extremites of ngers 54 are swung in an arc, plate 23' will be moved 5 toward and away from driven disk I8. 'Ihe mechanism by which the levers are caused to swing in this manner will now be described. Slidably mounted for axial movement in a flange 55 formed in cover member 44 is a sleeve 51 which has a ange 58 formed on one end thereof. Embracing sleeve 51 and seating against flange 58 thereof is a cup member 58 having notches` .formed in the periphery thereof for the reception of the inner extremities of fingers 54. Co- 15 operatingwith the-inner extremities of fingers 54, and with cup member 59 is a cup member 1I in which ,springs 52 and 53 seat. The other ends of springs 52 and 53 react against the inner` face of cover 44. It is thus seen that the inner 20 extremities vof fingers 54 are clamped between. members 58 and 1I and are urged to the left as shown in Figure 1 in sucha mannerasto cause the positive plate to move toward driven member I8 and automatic plate 22.

Fingers 54 are swung into geclutching position, so as to allow springs 48 to withdraw the positive plate from'clutching position, by means' of a thrust bearing assembly mounted on the 'outer end of sleeve 51. .Threaded'on the end 30 ofV sleeve 51 is a nut member 12 to which is secured a ball race member- 13. Antifriction balls 14 are disposed between ball race memberV 13 and a similar ball race member 15 which is,

` secured to member 15. Member 15 has an annu- 35 lar flange 11 formed thereon which cooperates with a pair of throwout lingers 18, which are preferably integrally formed. and terminate at their upper ends in a yoke 18 having a pivot member formed thereon. Pivot member 88 40 is journaled in shaft 8i and heid` against removal therefrom by means of a cotter pin or thelike. A clutch pedal (not shown) having the usual iight reacting spring associated therewith is mounted on the base of ,shaft 8| for caus- 45 .ing rotation thereof for declutching operations.

This throwout finger structure gives flange 11 an even lift at all times because, should one' finger 18 strike flange 11 before the other finger 18 comes into contact, the first linger could n ot 50 urge ange 11 into declutching position because.

-further movement of' shaft 8| merelycauses the `flnger'assembly to rotate about its pivot 85. When both lingers are brought into contact with ange Y 11, furthermovement of shaft '81| will cause 55 clutch disengagement to occur.

A light retaining spring 82 encircles sleeve 51, and bears against cover member 44 atene end Vand member 15 at theother end for holding flange 11 away from the throwout fingers when 50 declutching operations are not taking place for causing the entire throwout bearing. to rotate that should the cover and consequently sleeve 2 51 be eccentric with respect'to the Vcenter of rgtation thereof, tl 1e"`throwout jbearing will nevertheless operate perfectly at all times since 75' the fingers 18 that contact therewith are stationary and the flange 11 associated with the throwout bearing is also stationary during declutching operations.

The clutch is initially adjusted at the factory by rotating adjusting ring 53 in the proper direction and to move positive plate 23 toward or away from automatic plate 22 to establish proper clearance between them. After the adjustment has been made plate 58 is locked in place by means of bolt 6|.

thereof by means of devices associated with the After the clutch is in use'all adjustments for wear may be made externally throwout shaft. When springs 52 and 53 are initially placed in position in the clutch, spring 52 is put under substantial initial compression, or ispreloaded, while spring 53 merely rests loosely in the assembly for a purpose that will presently appear.

The clutch in Figure 1 is shown in automatic position with the positive plate spaced from the automatic and driven plates (which position is maintained by providing the clutch pedal with a suitable latch of the type shown-in the copending application above referredto) and the engine' is presumed to be operating at idling speed since the automatic weights are shown in their innermost positions. As the ywheel is accelerated, the weights 34 will gradually swing flcient to prevent slippage.

out and pivot about their knife edges` 43 causing face 42 of head 38 to engage the flywheel web,

thus forcing the automatic plate to be moved away from the web against the action ofsprings 29 and 30. and 30 the movement of the weights will be under control and there will be no tendency for them `to vibrate or undergo other-undesirable movements. When the speed is suiciently great, automatic plates 22 engage facing 2| of the l driven clutch member I9. Upon further movefar as actual operating characteristics are con" cerned. they are distinct in some respects since ment of the automatic plate, clutch member I9 will slide longitudinally on disc -I and bushing I4 and the other facing of clutch member I9 -Will be brought into contact with positive plate and a torque of small magnitude is transmitted to the driven shaft II. As spring 52 is further compressed, the magnitude'o'fthe torque transmitted is gradually increased, andshaft II is accelerated without grabbing. When spring 52 has been suiciently compressed so that spring 53 Due to the reaction of springs 29 comes into play, the second stage of operation may be said to be at an end and the third stage commenced. f

Spring 53 is gradually compressed and at the same time secondary holdback springs 30 come into play and retard themovement of weights 34 te some extent, thus causing the plates to be engaged under gradually increasing pressures during the initial portion of the thir stage of clutch engagement, which pressure ra idly -buildsup near the Vend of the thirdstage, and finally the pressure becomes suflicient to preventfanyslppage and the weights come to rest against the ywheel rim. While thesecond and third stages o f clutching operation mergeinto each other so `The plates are then in firm driving engagement with each other and there is no slippage between the driving shaft and the driven shaft.

In connection with this device it will be noted that when the clutch pedal is unlatched, allowing fingers 54 to swing to their limit under the influence of the action of spring 52, the positive plate is given such a movement as to cause it to engage and drive the driven member, in spite of the fact that the engine may be only operating at idling speeds or is stationary, with weights 34 disposed in their innermost positions. 'I'his obviously establishes a direct drive from the driven member regardless of the position of the. weights. The only force tending to hold the plates to-v gether when the clutch is employed in this manner is that exerted by spring 52. This is not a disadvantage, however, because the clutch is only employed in this manner under low torque conditions as forinstance, to turn the engine over by towing or coasting the vehicle for starting purposes, and since the plates are stationary when engaged the static friction present is suf- In the automatic clutches that have been heretofore proposed the positive plate is backed up by a single or a series of single springs and accordingly, no staging of engaging pressures is effected in such devices. The only type of slipping drive clutches that have been commercially successful in automotive drives are those in which the clutch facings have been of a lubricated material having low coemcients of friction under low pressure which gradually rises in pressure until when full torque is being transmitted and no slippage exists the coeiiicient of friction is fairly high. However,

even at the upper limit, the coeflicients are `sub,

stantially belowl those of clutch facings in cornparable conventional manually operable clutches, thus requiring the use of heavy backing springs to produce a proper frictional grip in such automatic clutches. the clutch plates between their fully engaged and disengaged positions together With the necessary limitationsof maximum pressures to permit convenient manual declutching of a practical automotive clutch, limits the movement to a comparatively narrow pressure range when a single series of backing springs is used. This necessitates the use of higher coeicients witha friction clutch when a single series of backing springs is used than is necessary with my improve'd clutch so far described embodying a The full range of movement of multiple backing spring, since with my new spring arrangement with the same movement of the automatic plate available, the initial engaging pressures may be materially lowered and much higher final engaging pressures) may be employed because of the controlled action of the weights and the reaction'thereto.

The lowering of initial engaging spring presformed in motor vehicle control and permits the use of clutch iacings containing a larger percentage of lubricant and a lower coemcient of friction with the same automatic plate movement,

as compared to theprior clutches embodying a kingle' ,series of springs backing the positive plates. The lowering of coemcients of the facing material secured i`n my improved clutch gives a smoother pickup in slipping drive and a longer clutch life. The use of a multiple backing spring to build up the operating pressures in stages permits a relatively slow building up of pressures at the lower clutch speeds when the clutch is picking upthe load, and a rapid building up of pressures after the load is moving to secure a nonslipping drive, and even when the clutch facings contain as high as 50% to 60% or more of graphite in the original mixture from which the clutch facings are formed.

The multiple holdback spring assemblies play an important part in this; organization, because, as above stated. the range of movement of the automatic plate and accordingly that of the positive plate, must be small. 'Therefore the second stage backing spring 52 must be relatively stiff in order to build up the plate pressures sufilciently high for non-slipping drive conditions at the limit of the movement of the au omatic plate..

It has been found that withA bac ng springs of this character, the clutch action may beimproved during the'flnal stage of clutching engagementA by providing secondary holdback` springs 30 which come into play before the secondary backing spring 53 starts to undergo compression, and accordingly springs 30 modify movement of the automatic plate and consequently the action of the automatic weights, giving the clutch improved smooth engaging characteristics in the final engaging stage. This improvement', is effected by retarding the rapid build up of pressures that occurs when no secondary holdback springs are used. due to the fact that the force exerted by the centrifugal weights varies as the square of the speed of rotation, and therefore multiplies rapidly in the final engaging stage. Applicant has operated clutches having multiple holdback springs for the automatic plate, and only a single spring or a single series of springs for the positive plate, and found that the operation thereof is superior to that obtained in an automatic clutch employing single holdback springs for the automatic plate and a single spring for backing-'up the positive plate, and this form of the invention is to be understood as embraced by the present application. Accordingly, while prior automatic clutches of various single pressure springs have been found commercially practical, my improved clutch gives a materially improved smoothness inv slipping drive, increased life and easier normal clutching operation.

It will be noted that the fulcrum edges l2 of the weight levers as shown in Figure 1 are disposed approximately midway between the inner and outer peripheries of plate 22,.a`nd hence the weight levers act upon the automatic plate in line contact fora substantial distance along the face thereof and applies substantially uniform pressure opposite the center of the engaging faces, 'thus minimizing warping -and twisting of the plates under the pressures of operation. The uniform distribution of spring actuated fingers u around the periphery of the positive plates provides uniform spring reaction for opposing the action of the automatic plates thereby.

theclutchby an air stream, the air stream ab-4 stracting heat from the clutch' parts by convection and carrying away the solid freed lubricant therewith'. Clutch housing 2 is provided with an aperture 90 in which is mounted a suitable screen 9i Vto prevent extraneous matter carried by the air from being introduced into the clutch mechanism. Cover 44 is provided with apertures 92 of substantial area for permitting air to be drawn by fan blades 55 into the clutch mechanism. It is noted that the action of fan blades 55 produces a partial vacuum in the region of apertures 92 and thus causes air to be induced therein.- The air flow induced by the action of`v fan blades 55 is drawn through screen 9i and along shaft Il toward the clutch plates. A portion of the air stream when the plates are disengaged, passes between facing 2i and plate 23, and between plate 23 and cover 44 at one side of driven disk i9, and a part of the air stream passes through facing 2i and plate 22 removing dust and solid freed lubricant in this region. An air stream also passes between automatic plate 22 and ywheel web 1. The air passes over the facings and is heated, and the heated air and the entrained dust is exhausted from the clutch structure into the clutch housing by means or apertures 94 formed in the flywheel rim.

It is seen by this arrangement that air is distributed on both sides of the plates and hence the dissipation of heat from each side thereof is approximately equal. Therefore, warping or torting tendencies, produced by uneven r'expansion of the metal which in turn is caused by no nuniform heat content thereof, are avoided for the reason that the entire area of each of the plates is maintained at a substantially uniform temperature. While the heatedr air may be withdrawn or exhausted from the clutch housing in any suitable manner, I prefer to provide a single aperture 95 therein and associate a suitable valve, therewith for controllingthe air flow from the clutch housing, since it is desirable in cold weath er to restrict the dissipation of heat from the clutch parts due to the fact that the frictional coefficient of the facings employed decreases as the temperature thereof increases, and by controlling the temperature properly, the clutch operating characteristics may be varied vor controlled at will. The operator of the vehicle can then readily adjust the flow of Ventilating air through the clutch mechanism and thus properly compensate for both the variation of heat' and dust generated in the clutch and the initial temperature of the Ventilating air. 'Ihis is an important feature since the coefficient of friction is dependent upon the temperature, and since the amount of slippage depends upon the coefficient exhausted from apertures 94 in the flywheel web from reentering the clutch mechanism and for more efficiently producing 'a partial vacuum in the chamber disposed to the right of the clutch mech-a anism shown in Figure 1, I have provided ani annular baie member 99 which is preferablyl made of sheet metal and is secured to the inner" wall of the clutch housing by means of screws 91 or the.like. Batlle member 98 has the inner periphery thereof disposed closely adjacent to the smooth outer face of cover membe and co.

operates therewith to prevent any substantial 'l flow of air therebetween. i

matic plate, no driv' the iiywheel web.V ccordingly, if at this time the positive plate could be moved to the right in Figure l sufficiently 'so that the clutch member I9 would not be clamped between Vit and the autoeifort` can be transmitted from the driving to th driven shaft even though the centrifugal weights are in their outermost position. Moreover if positive plate 23 is allowed to move to -the left suciently toV clamp clutch member i9 between itand the automatic plate with suicient pressure when the automatic plate is in retracted position with the centrifugal weights in the position they would take when the engine isidlirrg or stationary, it'will be seen that a driving connection will be secured. VSuch operation is desirable or even necessary for several reasons. For instance, in thewinter when the motor is cold or the battery is low, it is desirable to connect the clutch driving and driven members in positive engagement with the enginef'so that the car can be pushed or coasted in order to turn the engine over, or when stopping -on a steep hill,

a positive engagement of the clutch in low or recelerator and apply the brakes.

During all other normal driving operations,l

the positive plate is held in the position shown in Figure 1 by means of any suitable latch means Y for holding the clutch pedal` in intermediate position.

With the above described clutch installed in a motor vehicle having a conventional three ,speed transmission, if it is desired to start the vehicle, and the parts are in the position in which they are shown in Figure 1, and the vehicle is on level ground, the transmission is placed in high gear and the engine accelerated. As the engine gains speed the weights 34 gradually swing outwardly and cause automatic plate 22 to move toward and engage' the clutch member i9 against positive plate 23. The clutch then, under automatic operation, transmits a gradually increasing torque to the rear wheels and the vehicle is started smoothly and without shock. When the vehicle, and consequently the engine, obtains sufficient speed, the weights will have'swung out to their furthermost limits andwill rest against the iiywheel rim andthe plates will be in tight engage- `ment withho slippage between them, and an automatic positive drive from the driving to the `driven,shaft is eiected. W'hen operating the vehicle' in this manner, all that it is necessary to'do to bring it to a stop is to release the ac- When the vehicle has decelerated to a speed corresponding substantially to engine idling speed, through the combined braking action of the engine and the brakes, the centrifugal mechanism will release the clutch and the vehicle may be brought to acomplete stop by continued application of the brakes, o r, if traiicvconditions permit, the accelerator may be depressed and the engine speed accelerated to cause almost immediate reengage.

ment of the clutch andthe vehicle is again picked up in high gear. When operating in high gear, or any other gear for that matter, and a grade is encountered that requires more torque than tween the plates, and

the engine can deliver in that particular gear, the engine will naturally decelerat'e under such excess load, and when sufficiently decelerated the weights 34 will swing inwardly to a slight extent and permit slippage between the clutch plates. Since it is an inherent characteristic of an internal combustion engine to deliver more torque as the speed thereof is increased, the speed of the engine, through the slipping conditions existing at this time, will be vaccelerated suilciently for it to develop suicient torque to carry the vehicle over the grade, thus doing away with the necessity of shifting the transmission into a lower gear.

As the v ehicle gains speed up the grade, or the vehicle again reaches substantially level ground the weights 34 will again swing out into contact with the flywheel rim' and will thus exert suicient pressure on the automatic plate to again establish a non-slipping .drive betweei" the clutch plates and the driven member. This mode of operation is made possible by the lubricated character of the facing material that is employed in the present clutch mechanism, in combination with the eiective Ventilating and dust removing` provisions thatV are incorporated therein. It is therefore seen that this ,mechanismconstitutes a drive as well as a clutch mechanism.

- When the automatic plate, in response to the centrifugal weights`has moved to engaging position against the action of its holdback springs, the positive `plate may be backed away from the remaining clutch plates by manual depression of the clutch pedal. Hen

o driving connection between the driving and driven shaft. In traino, when it'is desired to get the vehicle away quickly and in starting up grades, the clutch pedal may 'be operated in'this'manner to disengage the clutch between each gear shifting operation as in a vehicle of the type provided with a. conventional manually operable clutch. However, with the present drive and clutch mechanism, it is contemplatedto start the vehicle in high gear under normal operating conditions.

In connection with the device so far developed. it will be seen that I have provided a device which provides controlled free wheeling without the necessity of interposing a free wheeling unit between the engine and the. nal drive. As soon as there is no contactbethe engine is operating in high gear and at a substantial-speed, kall that it is necessary to do to momentarily depress the clutch pedal from its automatic position into its manually clutched position and shortly thereafter, due to the engine dropping to idling speeds, weights 34 will cause separation of thev clutch plates. The clutch pedal is then released and returned to its normal automatic position. The car will then coast as there is. no torque transmitting connection between the engine and the rearv wheels. When it is again desired to drive the vehicle under power of the engine. the engine is accelerated, which will cause the centrifugal mechanism Yto reengage the clutch members.

The invention maybe embodied in other specic forms without departing fromzhe spirit `or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiment is therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalent of the lto A free wheel, is'to release the accelerator and claims are. therefore intendedto be embraced therein.

Whatis claimed anddesired to be secured by United States Letters Patent is:

- means for limiting the outward swing of said 1. Ina drive and clutch mechanism, a driving member; a'driving clutch plate associated with said driving member for rotation therewith and mounted forY movement axially thereof; spring means urging said plate towards said driving member; weight levers extending through apertures in' said driving 'member and having a part thereof clamped between said driving member and saidplate for causing said plate to move away from said member when said driv ing member reaches a predetermined speed:

levers; and means for limiting the inward swing -of said levers,' whereby sudden deceleration of said driving memberwill no't cause said levers to swing inwardly beyond vtheir neutral positions, said means comprising a pair of concentric vane nular facesassociated withsaid driving memtive plates and journalled on the outer periphery of said hub portion centrifugally operable means associated with said automatic plate for causing the same to move into frictional driving engagement with said' driven plate; and means con-` necting said driven vplate to said driven member for rotation therewith, said means permitting free axial'movement of Vsaid driven plate. t 3. In an automatic clutch mechanism, driving and driven members mounted for engagement and disengagement; centrifugally operable mechanism adapted to apply forces of increasing magnitude to saidv members and cause pressure tobe built up therebetween as said driving member is accelerated; and means for retarding the force exerting action of said centrifugally, operable means when said driving member attains a predetermined speed, to thereby increase the speed range aover which pressure is builtup .between said members, said last-named means comprising lspring means operable to contact and 'retard movement ofsaid member towards engaging position when it has attained said predeter-v mined speed. .Y

4. In an automatic clutch, in sub-combination, a frictional dri-ving member and a reaction membei-.mounted for synchronous rotation and for relative axial movement, resilient means urging -said members toward eachother; speed-responsive means. for forcing said members away from each other against the action of said resilient t means when vsaid members attain a predetermined speed; and means acting against both of said members for automatically and yieldingly opposing separational movement of said members when they have been separated a predetermined extent by said speed responsive means.

5. The clutch mechanism described in claim 4,

wherein said last-named means comprises a second resilient means operable to tend to urge said members toward each other l .when they have been separated a'. predetermined extent.

6. In an automatic clutch, a driving member and areactio'n member mounted for synchronous rotation and for relative axial movement, resilient means urging said members toward each other; adriven element adapted to be engaged by said driving member; centrifugally operablemeans for forcing said driving member away from said reaction member into engagement with means for yieldingly resisting ,separational movement of said members when they have been separated a predetermined extent by said centrifugally operable means, and a third resilient means for establishing a two-stage yielding engagement pressure between said driving member and said driven element when they are engaged. and pressure is being built up therebetween by said centrifugally operable means.

7. The mechanism described wherein said driven element cooperates with a second driving member against which said third named resilient means is adapted to act.v

8. In a clutch, in subcombination, a ypair of members mounted for synchronous movement and adapted to undergo relative axial movement, resilient means tending to urge said members toward each other, centrifugally operable mechanism for forcing said members apart against the action of said resilient means when they at- .tain apredetermined speed, and a second resilient means acting upon both of said members for automatically exerting a further yielding resistance to separational movement of said members when they have been forced apart a predetermineddegree. Y

9.' The clutch described in claim 8, wherein said second resilient means comprises a spring which is normally incapable Aoi. transmitting forces to said members when the latter are in contracted position'.

10. In an automatic clutch, in sub-combination, a centrifugally operable weight assembly comprising a lever element having a head providing a reaction face and a fulcrum edge, said lever element also having a bearing face provided thereon, remote from said head and disposed at substantially right angles-to the length of said lever; a mass member, and means forsecuring said mass member to said lever element in engagement with said bearing face, said means comprising a pair of threaded members integrally formed with said lever element and extending through apertures in said mass member.

11. In a power transmitting mechanism, a flywheel-like member mounted for rotation, a frictional clutch platesecured to said member for synchronous rotation therewith but which is capable of undergoing axial movement with respect thereto; resilient means normally urging said plate towa.rd said member, comprising a headed bolt vextending -through an aperture in said member and connected to said plate, an element encirclingA said bolt and bridging the aperture in said member, and a compression l spring bearing against'the head of said bolt and WILLIAM E. HAUPT. 

